How a Teacher 

  Changed My Life

He changed it with nine words. The year was 1963, and I was a sophomore music major at Akron University hoping to craft a career with my trumpet playing jazz and classical music. Having twice won the top ratings in the Ohio high school competitions, I imagined one day taking Doc Severinsen’s place as leader of NBC’s Tonight Show orchestra. 

That same year, three friends and I occasionally spent an evening with our former high school history teacher Ron Snider, a studious young man with a quick sense of humor who was also a university adjunct. Snider was a vibrant teacher quick to laugh and just as quick to gently point out the errors of our mental ways. Evenings at his apartment were classic college bull sessions with a knowledgeable mentor. One evening, talk drifted to the Western Civilization course we were all taking and to why I was the only one among my friends who enjoyed it.

Western Civ was a required two-semester course taught by Dr. Henry Vyverberg, a master teacher who, in a packed lecture hall,  introduced us to the glories of Greek and Roman art, architecture, and literature then strolled with us through the European Middle Ages, the Renaissance, the Age of Reason, the Enlightenment, Romanticism, and on to modern times. He paced to and fro in front of projected images of temples, cathedrals, and paintings while telling a story with wit and wonder, weaving social, intellectual, and artistic threads into a meaningful tapestry of history. 

It was a revelation. Vyverberg spoke of ideas and how people responded to them to shape the evolution of civilization. We learned that history is not a record of what happened; it’s a record of what informed historians think happened based on evidence and its meaning in the long run. Big difference. Interpreting history made it more interesting, more challenging, and the work of historians more important. 

Back at Snider’s apartment, our discussion is now lost to me, but as we were leaving, he stopped me at the door and asked if I ever thought about changing my major from music to history. Then he said the nine words that changed my life: “Do you really think the world needs more entertainers?” The question stopped me in my tracks. It was the early Sixties, the world was troubled, and the answer, clearly, was “No.” 

I reconsidered my future. A musical career could be insecure. Teaching history, while it didn’t pay well, offered security and the opportunity to do something so important it was required of all students. It seemed a way to help make the world better. I changed my major to history education.

Two years later, I graduated with a teaching certificate in history and, thanks to ROTC, became a 2^nd Lieutenant in the Air Force with orders to report for four years of service. After nearly a year at an Air Force base in West Germany, I was assigned to the base in Topeka, a half-hour drive from KU where I began night and weekend classes toward a master’s degree paid for by the GI Bill. 

Finishing the degree and Air Force service in 1969, I moved to the Kansas City area to stay close to KU and taught history in a 3,000-student high school for four years, including night and summer schools, while earning a doctorate in history education (specializing in Medieval Europe) and school administration using the remainder of my GI Bill benefits. Next came jobs as high school assistant principal, junior high principal (for nearly 20 years), and district administrator. Missing teaching, I had begun working nights as an adjunct professor for several local universities. When one offered me a job as director of a master’s degree program for teachers, I retired from the public schools and began a university career. A dozen years later, I retired again with a total of nearly fifty satisfying years as an educator. 

Henry Adams, historian, novelist, and grandson and great-grandson of presidents, was right when he wrote in 1907, “A teacher affects eternity; he can never tell where his influence stops.” Nine words from my old teacher influence me still. 

            Stormy Weather

As I write this, Hurricane Melissa is pounding Jamaica with sustained 180 mph winds with gusts to 220. Melissa is the most violent Atlantic Basin storm in recorded history and was fueled partly by record warm water in the Caribbean Sea—2.5 degrees F warmer than usual (86 degrees F at 200 feet below the surface). More heat equals more energy as well as increasing the storm’s ability to hold moisture, resulting in more than 40 inches of rain in western Jamaica in two days. 

Hurricane Melissa’s death toll is at least 25 so far; damages in Jamaica are at least $52 billion, and Haiti, Cuba, and the Bahamas will be tens of billions more—high prices to pay for the increasingly violent weather that is just one result of global warming caused by greenhouse gas emissions from burning fossil fuels. The consequence is global climate change, and the only solution is to shift to sustainable energy sources.

On the other side of our planet, China, the world’s largest emitter, is making dramatic progress toward sustainable energy. Fifteen solar parks—huge areas covered with solar panels—are producing electricity with more under construction. Talatan Solar Park, the largest, covers 162 square miles of the Tibetan Plateau at an elevation of nearly 10,000 feet where the sun is brighter and the air cooler, important for nearby AI data centers because their thousands of computers require little air conditioning. Talatan has a capacity of 15,000 megawatts, enough to power a large city. The U.S. has 16 solar parks, mostly in the Southwest. The largest, in Nevada, has a capacity of 966 megawatts.

At a September UN climate summit, China’s President Xi Jinping, a trained chemical engineer, pledged to increase China’s clean energy output by 600 percent in the next few years using solar, wind, hydro, and nuclear sources. China already produces more clean energy than any other country, and the goal is to wean the country off coal, oil, and natural gas as soon as possible. China dominates the world’s solar, wind, battery, and electric vehicle (EV) production, and has built, or is building, 31 nuclear power plants, nearly as many as the rest of the world combined. 

Solar power is attractive because it’s about 41 percent cheaper than fossil fuels, partly because solar, like wind, hydro, and nuclear, needs no costly transportation. No coal trains, no pipelines, no huge tankers sailing the seas. UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres said recently that last year renewables more than doubled the investment in fossil fuels and generated a third of all the world’s electricity. “We have passed the point of no return…just follow the money,” he said, adding that countries who fail to create a clean-energy economy are “missing the greatest economic opportunity of the 21^st century.”

Ten years ago, 195 nations signed the Paris Accords agreeing to reduce greenhouse gas emissions as quickly as possible to keep our atmosphere’s temperature increase since preindustrial times to no more than 1.5 degrees C (2.7 degrees F). Last year was the first year the average global temperature exceeded this rise.

To reach the Paris Accords goal, emissions need to be cut 50 percent by 2030 and reach net zero by 2050, at which point warming will slowly reverse. The U.S., the second-largest emitter after China, withdrew from the Accords in 2020, rejoined in 2021, and withdrew again in 2025. The Trump Administration, alone in the world, still acts as if climate change is a hoax. 

Violent storms set record after record, glaciers and ice caps are rapidly melting, sea levels are rising while corals and other sea life are dying, and record droughts threaten food supplies, driving millions to seek more habitable lands. Fossil fuels are the past. Clean energy is the future. China knows that. 

               

                  

            Lessons from Lego Country

Legos, the little interlocking plastic bricks, were developed shortly after World War II by Danish wooden-toy maker Ole Kirk Christiansen. Today, his company, now The Lego Group, is the world’s largest toy manufacturer by revenue and one of Europe’s largest companies. Christiansen’s 1939 motto, “Only the best is good enough,” remains the company motto.

We can’t build a greater America with Legos, but we can by adopting some of the economic, political, and social policies of the country that helped Lego thrive. Denmark has a mixed economy dominated by capitalist private enterprise and free trade, but with carefully regulated fiscal and monetary policies to minimize capitalism’s historic instabilities of boom and bust cycles, unemployment, and economic inequality with unhealthy gaps between the rich and the rest.

In mixed economies like Denmark’s, government provides most public utilities, education, and physical infrastructure; management of public lands; and universal healthcare. All of these are true of the U.S. except for healthcare. The American government shutdown (still in effect as this is written) centers on Democratic Party insistence that Republicans restore healthcare funding they cut to help fund tax cuts mostly for the rich. Denmark and all other rich countries—except the U.S.—provide healthcare as a human right. 

Denmark’s poverty rate is low, 6 percent in 2011 compared to America’s 17.6 percent. Much of the credit goes to Denmark’s 67 percent union membership compared to America’s 9.9 percent (both in 2018). As a result, 82 percent of Danish employees are covered by collective bargaining agreements while only 11.7 percent of Americans are. Danish labor-management negotiations are mediated by government whose goal is what is best for all concerned. Negotiations are not “us-versus-them;” but a team process where everyone is “us.” With no minimum wage legislation, the minimum is still more than double America’s because of negotiated agreements. For example, McDonald’s and other Danish fast-food workers earn the equivalent of US$20/hour with paid vacations, parental leave, and pensions. 

As in labor relations, consensus is the foundation of Danish politics, so much so that the distinguished American political scientist Francis Fukuyama uses Denmark as the standard of near-perfect governance. He says “getting to Denmark” is the goal for stable social and political institutions. Imagine if our Congress members saw themselves as part of a bipartisan team devoted above all to the welfare of their constituents—to “us”—not to their campaign donors or even their party.

Denmark is a representative democracy with a unicameral legislature elected by all adult citizens. Each vote carries equal weight, unlike the U.S. where the two-senators-per-state provision dilutes the vote of large-state residents. 

College is free for students who qualify through a test, and students can apply for government grants to support themselves while in college. Denmark has the world’s fourth-highest proportion of degree holders, intellectual capital that helps account for the country’s high incomes. Denmark consistently ranks high, often first, in work-life balance and in the World Happiness Index.

So how do we move closer to Fukuyama’s goal of “getting to Denmark”? By electing public officials who believe in serving the public equitably and helping all of “us” build a stronger sense of community. Three actions would go a long way: (1) pass universal healthcare, perhaps Medicare for all; (2) make public colleges and trade schools tuition-free for all who qualify; (3) ensure that voting is convenient for every voter by encouraging voting by mail and giving special attention to areas where population density can cause delays.

We can do all these because America is the world’s richest country and can afford them. We should do them for the common good. We can’t build “a more perfect union” with Legos but we can with our votes. Let’s do it.

 

           The Long Shadow

 

The shadow of Roy Cohn. 

Cohn has cast a shadow over America since the 1950s, and we’re living under it still. He was a lawyer who played a key role in Wisconsin Republican Senator Joseph McCarthy’s infamous crusade against people he claimed were Communists or Communist sympathizers—“fellow travelers” in the lingo of the time—in government, the entertainment industry, education, and other influential positions.

McCarthy (left in picture with Cohn) rose to prominence because of a 1950 speech in which he claimed to have a paper with the names of 205 Communist Party members working in the State Department. Curiously, he gave a speech in another state the next day claiming his list had 57 names. Soon, it was four. Whatever the number, he revealed no names and no evidence, but his claims fell on fertile ground in the press and among those Americans afraid of recent Communist successes: the Soviet Berlin blockade in 1948 and the Communist conquest of mainland China and first Soviet atomic bomb in 1949. 

Some saw these as part of an international Communist conspiracy along with American labor unions, FDR’s New Deal programs like Social Security, and the United Nations. Far-right extremists even imagined that fluoridated water and vaccines were plots to brainwash Americans. Sound familiar? By the late ‘40s, federal, state, and local governments had begun requiring employees to take loyalty oaths, a practice followed by some private employers. Behind the hysteria was a Republican Party goal: to get even for being out of power during Roosevelt’s long presidency followed by Harry Truman’s. Accusing leftists, Democrats, and even progressive Republicans of disloyalty seemed a sure way to regain their lost power.

Enter Roy Cohn, a young assistant U.S. attorney making a name for himself with his aggressive, often unethical, prosecutions of Soviet moles, senior members of the American Communist Party, and Soviet nuclear spies. His success led McCarthy to hire him as his chief counsel in 1951.

McCarthy, famously alcoholic, and Cohn, a bully famously loose with facts, spent much of the next three years with a Senate subcommittee investigating—in private sessions with no accountability— State Department programs like the Voice of America for Commie influence. State Department libraries removed 40 suspect books including The Selected Works of Thomas Jefferson. Not to be outdone, the House Un-American Activities Committee pursued artists, scientists, entertainers, and other suspected leftists. Hundreds of famous people lost their jobs or had careers altered including Lucille Ball, Albert Einstein, Leonard Bernstein, Charlie Chaplin, Langston Hughes, and Robert Oppenheimer.

Then McCarthy went too far, accusing Army Five-Star General George C. Marshall of treason. The 1954 Army-McCarthy hearings on TV exposed the Senator as a fraud, long on suspicions but short on evidence. The Senate formally censured him; worse, the press ignored him. He faded away, leaving his name attached to one of the ugliest periods in American history: “McCarthyism.”

Roy Cohn moved to New York City where he built a reputation as a “fixer” getting people like Aristotle Onassis, various Mafia leaders, and Donald Trump out of legal trouble. He taught young Trump how to navigate business and legal issues: never show weakness; never apologize; never explain; attack, never defend; intimidate to demand loyalty. Sound familiar? In the 1980s, Pulitzer Prize winner Murray Kempton, considered New York’s greatest columnist, wrote of Trump, “the man demeans anything he touches.”

Cohn was indicted several times for blackmail, bribery, and other crimes. Finally, a panel of the New York State Supreme Court disbarred him for misappropriation of clients’ funds, lying on a bar application, and falsifying a will. He died in 1986 of AIDS. He owed millions in unpaid taxes, so the IRS seized nearly all his assets, but Cohn’s shadow survives in the malignant lessons he taught a future president.

                              A New Gilded Age

“Suppose you were an idiot. And suppose you were

a member of Congress. But I repeat myself.”
                                                       Mark Twain

 

Mark Twain’s novel, The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today, was published in 1873. Twain’s term “Gilded Age” was later adopted by historians to refer to the period between the 1870s and about 1900 when industrial tycoons, real estate developers, financiers, and robber barons built huge fortunes while even skilled workers earned modest wages, and unions were relentlessly fought by moneyed interests. Twain lampooned the greed, graft, racism, and widespread political corruption.

The Gilded Age was not a Golden Age. Most wealth was concentrated in the hands of a few while the gap between the rich and the rest widened significantly. According to historian Howard Zinn, “Most of the fortune building was done legally, with the collaboration of the government and the courts. Sometimes the collaboration had to be paid for. Thomas Edison promised New Jersey politicians $1,000 each in return for favorable legislation.” 

Now we find ourselves in a new Gilded Age thanks to Congressional Republicans who passed, and Trump signed, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act with massive tax cuts, about 60 percent of which will go to the richest 20 percent of Americans, leaving only 40 percent for 80 percent of the people. The independent Tax Policy Center estimates that for taxes filed in 2026, households making from $217,000 to $318,000 will have a 2.6% rise in after-tax income, about $5,400. Those making between $318,000 to $460,000 (the 90^th to 95^th percentile) will have an after-tax increase of about $8,900, or 3.1%.

The biggest percentage tax break goes to households making $460,000 to $1.1 million: 4.4%, or about $21,000. The 1 percent making from $1.1 million to $5 million will have a tax break of 3.5%, while the ultra-rich .1 percent making more than $5 million will enjoy a 3.2% break.

Middle-income households will have much smaller percentage breaks. Those making between $100,000 and $200,000 will have after-tax income about $3,000 more, or 2.5%. Incomes from $75,000 to $100,000 will gain about $1,700, or 2.3%. Incomes between $50,000 to $75,000 will have a $1,000 break.

Low-income earners will have the worst deal of all. Those making between $40,000 and $50,000 will have a cut of about $630; after-tax gains of 1.9% and 1.5%, respectively. Earners in the lowest 20 percent, making less than $34,600, will have a tax decrease of about $150, a .8% increase in after-tax income.

However, tax breaks for many low- and middle-income Americans will be offset by the Act’s sweeping cuts to nutrition assistance, Medicaid, and ACA health insurance. The Congressional Budget Office estimates that 10.9 million will lose Medicaid or ACA coverage.

Polls repeatedly show that the Act is historically unpopular, with nearly two-thirds of voters opposed. The Act will cause the largest transfer of wealth from the poor to the rich in U.S. history and will add $2.8 trillion to our debt by 2034. Among many other provisions, it also rolls back clean energy incentives and promotes fossil fuels as if Earth’s climate—and our future—just doesn’t matter.

Why would Republicans vote for an Act so unpopular? To please their leader and, importantly, their major donors. In Twain’s day, they were called bribes, but in our time, they are large campaign donations. A bribe by any other name would smell as corrupt.

         Never Forget

Hundreds of convicted criminals who attacked the U.S. Capitol and Congress on January 6, 2021, have been pardoned or their sentences commuted. These 1,300 or so rioters are now free to go where they want and do what they want. 

What the rioters wanted on January 6 was to prevent the certification of Joe Biden as president-elect even though he won election by a margin of seven million votes. They failed in that but succeeded in permanently staining the history of the United States and threatening our democracy itself. Like December 7, 1941, it was “a day that will live in infamy.” 

Told by the losing candidate that “if you don’t fight like hell, you’re not going to have a country anymore,” some of the rioters were ordinary citizens who chose to join the mob and march on the Capitol but didn’t participate in attacks on the police or other violence. Found guilty by judges or juries of trespassing or other minor crimes, they received light sentences. 

Others, however, were thugs, many with weapons and criminal records: far-right extremists and neo-Nazi white supremacists. They fought the police then broke into the building and desecrated the People’s House—our House—threatening to harm members of Congress and Vice-President Pence. These thugs were convicted of major crimes ranging from assaulting officers to conspiracy to seditious conspiracy. During the attack, 174 police officers were injured, and one killed; four other officers committed suicide in the following seven months.

The week after being freed, one of the former convicts was pulled over by an Indiana Highway Patrol officer for a traffic violation, had a gun, and was shot and killed by the officer. The same week, another was arrested on a federal gun charge related to domestic violence and resisting arrest. A third rioter is on the run from Texas police because of an arrest warrant for online solicitation of a minor. Yet another freed rioter said that he plans to buy “some m*********** guns.” Great. Just what we need.

There is a scheme afoot to rewrite our history making the attackers appear to be mostly a group of patriots taking a Capitol tour. The pardons and commutations were a first step followed last week by the firing of senior FBI and Justice Department officials involved in the investigations and prosecutions—officials who were just doing the jobs assigned to them: go after the lawbreakers we all saw on TV. Members of the Congressional January 6 Committee who investigated the attack may be the next targets. 

Congressional Republicans have already “forgotten” what the mob was up to and who put them up to it. Brendon Baliou, an experienced Justice Department lawyer who recently resigned, wrote that in 2021, GOP Representative Elise Stefanik said the rioters “should be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law.” Later, she labelled them “hostages” and has now been chosen our new ambassador to the U.N.; former GOP Senator Kelly Loeffler said, “the violence, the lawlessness and siege of the halls of Congress are abhorrent.” Soon, though, she shifted to calling the House investigation a “sham” and that any indictment “should be dismissed out of hand.” She has been nominated to head the Small Business Administration.

Mr. Baliou emphasized that the rest of us “must keep the horrors of Jan. 6 from being forgotten. Memorialize the day…. Keep it alive in your conversations. Doing so matters. For in a time when many politicians’ careers depend on forgetting, memory itself is an act of resistance.”

If we fail to remember, we won’t have President Lincoln’s government “of the People, by the People, and for the People” anymore. Never forget.

Capitalism for All

Imagine you have a pile of money, and you’d like to have a bigger pile. You learn that the Widget Company has invented a better widget, so you buy shares of Widget stock. The company uses the capital you’ve invested to produce the new widgets. They sell like hot cakes, so more workers are hired, profits roll in, and the value of the stock you own rises. You and the company are richer, more people have jobs, and consumers have better widgets. This is capitalism in action, and so far, so good.

Now imagine that because you’re a big investor who knows how to make a buck, you’re elected to the Widget Company board. You now have a voice in decisions including what to do with the company’s growing profits. Raise your workers’ pay? Upgrade your factory with better machinery? Buy out a competitor so your company will have more of the market? Give larger dividends to investors, including yourself? These are tough decisions, but that’s why you and the company executives make the big bucks.

What to do? You’re a capitalist, after all, so you naturally believe that investors who’ve risked their capital on the company are entitled to first dibs on the profits. They, and you, are in it for the money, so stock dividends and high share prices are top priorities. 

To keep investors happy, you think about how to increase company profits by reducing costs and/or increasing productivity. How about automation? Robots are expensive, but they’ll never want raises, never organize a union to get them (except in science fiction when robots finally become smart enough), and can work 24/7 without tiring. Automation is often a no-brainer.

Other ways to reduce costs include avoiding those tiresome government regulations that require your factory to not foul the air and water and to be a safe workplace for employees, and to avoid taxes in every legal way possible. To dodge these obligations, the company pays lobbyists and contributes to politicians who favor deregulation, restrictions on unions, and lower corporate taxes (and, not coincidentally, lower taxes on wealthy people like yourself). 

Now, forget your imaginary pile of money and consider where capitalism has taken us in this tale. It’s no longer “so far, so good.” It’s too far and too bad for workers who get last dibs on company profits and for all taxpayers who have to make up for what corporations and the rich don’t pay (and some pay no income taxes at all).

Perhaps worse in the long run, the conservative Supreme Court ruled, in 2010, that, as Mitt Romney put it, “corporations are people” entitled to make unlimited political contributions. This gives the small corporate class enormous political clout. It’s extreme capitalism—a beautiful system if you’re one of those few but a deck stacked against you if you aren’t. 

Capitalism is a great engine of prosperity, but without strict regulation and a progressive tax structure, it’s an engine with no train. People who help make the everyday economy work—nurses, truckers, teachers, builders—are left at the station. A healthy economy is a balancing act between private profits and the public good. Today, our economy is unbalanced and unhealthy.

Here’s the cure: We want wealth to flow to the many, not just to the few, so channel excessive wealth to essential public services like education, healthcare, and infrastructure. That’s how we created Social Security, public schools, Medicare, and the original G.I. Bill. It’s how we can provide affordable college/tech schools and universal healthcare. Also, ensure workers have a level playing field by protecting their right to organize and to have significant representation on corporate boards as many other rich capitalist countries do. 

The greedy will no doubt call this cure—or any cure—“socialism.” I call it having a social conscience. It’s capitalism that works for We the People.

When Schools Went Wrong

Sherlock Holmes called public schools “Lighthouses, my boy! Beacons of the future! Capsules, with hundreds of bright little seeds in each, out of which will spring the wiser, better England of the future.” Americans have cherished similar hopes but have too often been disappointed, leading over the past century to a series of school reforms that shaped today’s schools—for better and for worse.

Historians trace much of the “worse” to a small red pamphlet published in 1918, Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education, that called for replacing, for most students, the traditional European liberal arts and sciences curriculum with seven student goals: health, command of fundamental processes, worthy home membership, vocation, citizenship, worthy use of leisure, and ethical character.

The reform’s purpose was to keep more youngsters in school by making it easier and more immediately practical. Academic subjects like history, biology, and algebra would remain as a parallel track for the fewer than one in ten who were college-bound. For the majority, social studies replaced history, geography, economics, and government; general science replaced biology, chemistry, and physics; and practical math and language arts covered “fundamental processes.”

The Cardinal Principles was composed by a committee of the National Education Association chaired by a manual training teacher and including administrators and a professor of education. The authors were driven by the need to assimilate millions of immigrant children, many knowing no English and with little experience of democracy, by the demand for industrial workers, by severe health and social problems including the deadliest influenza epidemic of modern times, and by fear of political unrest in the wake of the Great War. The business community applauded the emphasis on vocational training and lobbied states to adopt the new goals. Over the next decade, they became the norm in much of the country.

The shift from mastery of academic subjects to what reformers saw as meeting children’s “needs” was politically popular. Teaching kids hygiene, marketable skills, and citizenship was hard to criticize, especially when it made success in school easier. Parents liked their children succeeding, and politicians and business leaders liked that such studies made it easier—and cheaper—to train and hire teachers.

The academic community opposed the Cardinal Principles, so much so that schools of education became intellectually divorced from the universities of which they were a part. Teachers became increasingly isolated from scholarship in arts and sciences disciplines. Thousands of experienced teachers resisted the reform, and many were fired.

Making matters worse, the trauma of the Great War led America to adopt an isolationist attitude through the 1920s and 30s. Why bother with the rest of the world and its troubles when the U.S. could withdraw behind its moat of oceans and rely on its own plentiful resources? This further distanced schools from fertile centers of serious thought in Europe and elsewhere. One result that troubles us still was that many fewer students learned foreign languages.

While other countries were improving schools with added rigor and sharper focus on academic disciplines, America chose to ask less of its students and teachers. This continued through the 1950s when complaints about semi-literate graduates and the shock of Sputnik prompted a new round of reforms with increased academic content.

Cardinal Principles had some positive results, recognizing the importance of motivation and of children’s developmental stages among them. But its low expectations and short-term goals in place of deep knowledge and disciplined thinking poisoned American schools for decades. To some degree, it still does. The Sputnik reforms of the 1960s, the Nation at Risk reforms of the 80s and 90s, No Child Left Behind, and now the Common Core have all been attempts to right the wrong course our schools took after 1918. History matters.

Schools Travel a Bumpy Road

As described in the previous column, American schools were harmed for decades by low student expectations and shallow curriculum prompted by the 1918 booklet Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education. Recovery began in the 1950s, thanks partly to World War II veterans who had noticed a higher level of education common in Europe and whose own expectations had been raised by G.I. Bill college study. Too, a best-selling book, Why Johnny Can’t Read, helped focus the nation’s attention on the troubled schools.

But just when a drive to enhance academic offerings was gathering steam, schools were overwhelmed by the postwar baby boom. Thousands of new schools were hurriedly built and new teachers hurriedly trained. States and school districts had all they could handle coping with expansion; academic quality took a back seat and fewer than two-thirds of students finished high school.

The 1957 launch of the Soviet Sputnik I satellite shocked America. The Eisenhower administration and Congress pumped millions into upgrading curricula, classroom equipment, and teacher training, especially in math and the sciences. New textbooks were written, including a biology text so good that updated versions are still used today. History and other subjects were emphasized as part of what came to be called “Sputnik reforms.”

With The Sixties came two of the schools’ greatest successes: supporting national efforts to ensure minority rights and women’s rights. Schools came to be judged by their “holding power” and graduation rates improved significantly. As desirable careers beyond teaching, nursing, and secretarial work opened to educated women, schools did their part. When I graduated in 1961, able girls interested in healthcare were counseled into nursing; when I returned as a teacher eight years later, many were aiming to become physicians.

Ironically, these successes hurt schools. A well-intentioned desire to keep kids in school led to fragmented curriculum in the name of “relevance” and to “social promotion” regardless of learning, both of which discredited schools in the eyes of the public and especially of employers. Financially attractive career opportunities meant the loss to teaching of many of America’s brightest women who had long formed the backbone of school faculties.

Soon, falling test scores (partly due to students from deeper in the talent pool taking ACT and SAT tests) and the post-Watergate suspicion of all things government led to another wave of school criticism. A 1983 blue-ribbon commission report, A Nation at Risk, asserted "If an unfriendly foreign power had attempted to impose on America the mediocre educational performance that exists today, we might well have viewed it as an act of war."

The authors called for a longer school year on a par with other developed nations, more academic course requirements, higher student expectations, making teaching a more attractive career, and much else. A Nation at Risk became the most influential call for reform since 1918 and led to needed improvements, though mostly the least expensive.

The No Child Left Behind law of 2001 wasn’t a “reform” as much as an effort to make schools accountable by publicizing test scores in basic skills. Funding was inadequate and one lasting effect was to focus attention on math and language skills at the expense of other learning. Relentless testing soon made it unpopular.

Now comes Common Core, a promising effort begun by nearly all state governors to raise achievement nationwide to global standards. It’s a complex project criticized by many educators for having too much input from for-profit corporations, but promising nonetheless.

Sadly, the Kansas Senate recently voted to not fund Common Core implementation. Any hint of nationwide standards offends conservative ideology, for many senators a higher priority than student learning. I suspect that if Eisenhower’s Interstates were proposed today, Kansas conservatives would object: roads, like schools, convey outside ideas and tie the state to the larger world. Risky business, no? No.

Spying on Schools

Searching for the secrets of high-achieving schools, and aware that inside information is hard to come by, journalist Amanda Ripley (Time, The Atlantic) recruited spies—American exchange students from schools in Oklahoma, Minnesota, and Pennsylvania—who attended ordinary high schools in Finland, South Korea, and Poland, countries where students do exceptionally well on international measures of learning. The result is Ripley’s recent book The Smartest Kids in the World and How They Got That Way (Simon and Schuster, 2013).

Much writing about schooling has adult political agendas that detract from achievement issues. Ripley’s book is an exception: a secret agent story where the spies—Kim, Eric, and Tom—are normal teenagers alert to the attitudes and behaviors of their overseas classmates and refreshingly open to comparing their exchange experiences with those of their hometown schools.

Kim’s story is especially compelling. A bright girl from Oklahoma, she yearned for a bigger, more promising world. Her local school had limited curricula, low expectations, a vague focus on academics, and little encouragement from the state legislature. Three times, legislators mandated student achievement standards and tests—routine in high-achieving countries—and three times, legislators backed off at the last minute fearing criticism of poor test scores.

Kim’s school district was one of 530 in Oklahoma and, with only four schools, had ten district administrators and directors as well as principals. Ripley calls this “hyperlocal control, hardwired for inefficiency.” Costly, too.

Kim’s modern high school was not hardwired for scholarship. Its “jewel” was the basketball court, not the library or science labs. Parents were involved in booster clubs and the PTA, but in little related to academic achievement. The principal told Ripley his biggest problem was “expectations.” He said they were “too high.” Really? Half the graduates went on to Oklahoma’s public colleges, but more than half of those were placed in remedial classes.

Kim, Eric, and Tom studied overseas in 2011-2012. Through thousands of emails and phone calls as well as on-site visits, Ripley picked the brains of her spies and their friends and met with school officials and testing experts here and abroad. She found some things much the same here and there, including electronic youth culture. Schools, though, were dramatically different.

The most obvious difference, in every country, was a total focus on academic learning. Schools had no other purpose. Sports and other activities were mostly outside school, sponsored by community organizations.

The spies found less testing overseas, particularly in Finland, but the major nationwide tests were serious business. Students studied for months, and scores could determine their future learning and career opportunities. In South Korea, airports rescheduled flights to avoid jet noise near schools on test days.

Teachers in host countries were drawn from the top of the talent pool, rigorously trained (often at public expense) and influential. Teaching was a prestigious profession.

In no subject were differences as clear as in math. Math is critical as a system of logic that trains young minds to think straight, not to mention as the key to the sciences and to desirable careers. As early as third grade, American kids have easier math assignments then lose time every fall reviewing what they’ve lost over their long summer breaks. More than other subjects, math builds on what is learned before, so early weakness compounds with time.

The overseas students overwhelmingly attributed success to hard work, not to inbred talent as  Americans tend to believe.

Host schools used little technology compared to schools here. No interactive white boards, no “clickers,” often no calculators.  

The New York Times calls Ripley’s a “masterly book,” but wonders if it “can also generate the will to make changes.” It can only if concerned citizens read it and act on it.

Teachers: Glamour Everlasting

Describing Our Miss Brooks, the popular 1950s TV program starring Eve Arden as a witty, sarcastic English teacher beloved by her students, The Kansas City Star recently noted that Arden portrayed “an intelligent woman in an unglamorous profession.” I suppose glamour, like beauty, is in the eye of the beholder. What could be more glamorous than passing on the wonders of nature and civilization to the next generation while helping them learn to think rigorously and live well, thereby strengthening our country and helping ensure a better future?

I mention this because of the importance of improving our schools. Recent studies of successful school systems around the world confirm what we’ve known all along but haven’t acted on: that teaching in those places is viewed as a glamorous profession or, if not glamorous, certainly prestigious. In the high-achieving countries of East Asia and Europe, teachers enjoy a status similar to that of physicians and judges here. The contrast with the American tradition is sharp, and the negative impact on our children clear.

In How the World’s Best-Performing School Systems Come Out on Top, a two-year study of twenty-five systems including ten of the best, McKinsey & Company, the gold standard of global management consultants, concluded that most attempts to improve low-performing systems—restructuring, reducing class sizes, charter schools, and the like—make little or no difference. What makes a difference is teachers: “The quality of an education system cannot exceed the quality of its teachers.”

All the best-performing systems select teachers from the top third or higher of college students: the top 5 percent in South Korea, 10 percent in Finland, 30 percent in Singapore and others. Most do this by limiting the number of teacher-training slots and admitting only those who score well on tests of literacy, numeracy, and problem solving, and who demonstrate outstanding communications and interpersonal skills. (In Finland, only one in ten applicants is admitted.) Once selected, students receive intensive training under master teachers, often at public expense including paid internships.

Such careful selection and early rewards elevates respect for teaching and helps attract the best applicants. Top countries also sweeten the pot by paying beginning teachers roughly equal to the average of other demanding fields. In addition, top-performing systems typically have strong teacher unions with a major voice in school standards and operations.

In America, prospective teachers tend to come from the lowest third of college students. Admission standards to teacher-training programs are generally low, tuition is high, internships are short and unpaid, and beginning salaries below average. The inevitable result is the Star’s “unglamorous profession” where thousands who train to teach never do and nearly half of those who do teach leave within five years. Aside from the waste of public resources and of these graduates’ investments, the public perception—and children’s perception—is that teaching—and, therefore, learning—isn’t important; it’s seen as a job for those with few other options.

Compounding the error, politicians in some states have been cutting school resources, attacking teacher unions, and insisting that teachers be accountable for better results while paying no attention to the compelling evidence for how to get those results. We need good teachers, and we need good politicians to create a system to attract more of them.

February 3, 2012