History, Yes; Tariffs, No

 

History is the record of what happened. It’s the story of mankind’s successes and failures—often inspiring, often depressing—but of little value unless it’s as true as we can make it with the known facts. Trying to erase parts of our past that some may not like is a loser’s game that distorts reality and spreads ignorance to serve someone’s selfish purposes.

Last week, U.S. District Judge Cynthia Rufe, a George W. Bush appointee, was not having it, ruling that the Trump Administration had no right to remove a National Park Service display of information about nine slaves owned by George Washington from the Philadelphia house he, Martha, and the slaves occupied while he was president. Judge Rufe ordered that the exhibit be restored in its original condition and not in a way that explains the history differently. NPR reported that Rufe had warned Justice Department lawyers during an earlier hearing that arguing that Trump officials can choose which parts of our history to display at historic sites was both “dangerous” and “horrifying.”

Rufe’s written ruling opened with a bang: “As if the Ministry of Truth in George Orwell’s 1984 now existed, with its motto ‘Ignorance is Strength,’ this Court is now asked to determine whether the federal government has the power it claims—to dissemble and disassemble historical truths when it has some domain over historical facts. It does not.” 

Orwell’s Ministry of Truth routinely altered historical records to suit its own purposes, making what was history a self-serving pack of lies. Judge Rufe knows what the Administration is up to and won’t allow it.

The City of Philadelphia sued the Trump Administration after Park Service workers pried the display off a brick wall, apparently following an order from the president to restore “truth and sanity to American history” at federal museums, landmarks, and other sites by ensuring that exhibits do not “inappropriately disparage Americans past or living.” Officials have removed other factual displays concerning enslaved people, LGBTQ+ people, and Native Americans. A sign removed at Grand Canyon National Park said that settlers pushed native tribes “off their land” for the park and to exploit the area for mining and grazing. Well, that happened.

Also last week, the Supreme Court (pictured), by a 6-3 vote, struck down Trump’s sweeping tariffs, ruling that the Emergency Powers Act doesn’t give a president taxation power. The Constitution gives that power to Congress. Trump’s arbitrary and sometimes capricious tariffs (He slapped a tariff on Switzerland, saying he didn’t like the “tone” of the Swiss president during a conversation with her.) have upended global trade, weakened America’s respect and trust from allies, and raised prices for American consumers who have paid about 90 percent of the tariffs. 

Tariffs have been, in effect, a national sales tax estimated to be between $1,300 and $1,700 on the average family during the past year. A question is how, or if, to refund the tariffs paid by businesses and consumers. The Court decision was announced February 20; by the end of that day, some businesses had already sued for refunds, and Illinois Governor J.B. Pritzger had sent Trump an invoice for $8,679,261,600—$1,700 payable to every state family. 

Informed of the decision, Trump called it “disgraceful.” What is disgraceful is a president failing to do the hard work of promoting legislation to achieve his goals through Congress—the Constitutional way. At a press conference, the angry president vowed to levy a 10 percent (later 15) tariff on the world using a different legal provision that will expire in five months unless Congress extends it. He called the Court “an insult to our nation” and called the six majority Justices, including two of his appointees, “fools and lap dogs,” a tantrum unlikely to help him in future Court cases. 

 

              

              Leader of the Free World

 

The annual World Economic Forum (WEF) met in Davos, Switzerland, last month. The non-profit WEF was founded in 1971 by a University of Geneva professor to spread good management practices among European businesses and was so successful that it soon expanded with offices around the world and has observer status as a non-government organization in the U.N. The 2026 Forum invited 3,000 of the most influential government, business, and academic leaders from 110 countries to consider solutions to the world’s most pressing problems such as climate change, international cooperation and trade, geopolitical stability, unregulated capitalism, taxation and wealth gaps, public health, and the Fourth Industrial Revolution (AI and other advanced technologies). 

The highlight of this year’s Forum was a speech by Canadian Prime Minister Mark Carney, who said that erratic changes in U.S. economic and foreign policies during the past year have “ruptured” the stable and largely predictable relations that have prevailed for nearly 80 years among most nations. He called the rupture in the world order “the end of a nice story and the beginning of a brutal reality where geopolitics among the great powers is not subject to any restraints.” 

With the U.S. now an unreliable ally and largely responsible for the rupture, he asked “middle powers” and smaller countries to unite when the great powers use “tariffs as leverage, financial infrastructure as coercion, [and] supply chains as vulnerabilities to be exploited.” Carney said that “middle powers must act together because if we’re not at the table, we’re on the menu,” and reminded his audience that “other countries, like Canada, are not powerless. They have the capacity to build a new order that embodies our values, like respect for human rights, sustainable development, solidarity, sovereignty and the territorial integrity of states.”

Carney closed by saying, “The powerful have their power. But we have something too—the capacity to stop pretending, to name reality, to build our strength at home and to act together. That is Canada’s path. We choose it openly and confidently. And it is a path wide open to any country willing to take it with us.” 

Then something very rare happened: a standing ovation. UK former PM Tony Blair’s communications director called the speech “real leadership” and one of the “most important of recent times.” The Treasurer of Australia described the speech as “stunning … thoughtful, and certainly widely shared and discussed in our government and undoubtedly around the globe.” California Governor Gavin Newsom, leader of the world’s fourth largest economy, said that “numerous leaders from the United States privately sent me the transcript of the speech … and praised Carney for his courage and conviction.”

Clearly, Mark Carney is a man we should get to know. A Harvard graduate with a doctorate in economics from Oxford, Carney rose to a senior position at Goldman Sachs and then served five years as Governor of the Bank of Canada where he oversaw the country’s response to the 2008 global financial crisis. His policies were so successful that he was appointed Governor of the Bank of England from 2013 to 2020, the first non-Briton in the Bank’s 332-year history. After that, he was UN special envoy for climate action and finance.

In March 2025, Carney ran in his first election and became leader of Canada’s Liberal Party with 86 percent of the Party vote, making him prime minister. As PM, he has struck trade deals with Indonesia, the UAE, China, and others; has criticized global and U.S. wealth gaps between the rich and the rest; has increased the defense budget; and has favored green energy with incentives while keeping an additional tax on large industrial emitters. He announced Canada’s formal recognition of a Palestinian state. We need an able, trusted, visionary Leader of the Free World. Mark Carney is such a person. 

             Not My America

 

I was two years old when World War II ended in 1945. Since then, I have lived in an increasingly prosperous world with no world wars thanks to the farsighted post-war policies of America and other Allied nations. The United Nations and other international organizations created a global system of rules encouraging democratic governments, free trade, stable economies, guaranteed human rights, and more. A few years later, eight European nations plus the United States and Canada formed NATO to protect themselves from possible Soviet aggression. NATO now has 32 members (see map). For most of my life, America was the acknowledged leader of the “free world,” and I was proud to be a part of that.

Now comes an American president who criticizes the U.N., its International Court of Justice (a primary source of international law), and other foundations of the rules-based world order that has been successful for more than 75 years—so successful that it led to the collapse of the Soviet Union and its breakup into Ukraine and other independent states. Why would any president try to weaken the time-tested rules-based order? That’s not my America.

Likewise for NATO. A president who says “NATO has done nothing for us” has forgotten that after terrorists attacked the U.S., including his hometown, on 9/11/2001, NATO nations promptly sent troops and equipment to fight for us in Afghanistan and Iraq. Denmark fought alongside us until 2021, losing more soldiers per capita than we did. A president who doesn’t cherish NATO? That’s not my America.

And what about threatening to seize the Danish state of Greenland “one way or another”? Or killing shipwrecked Venezuelan sailors on the high seas in defiance of international law? Or failing to do everything possible to help defend Ukraine against Russian aggression? That’s not my America.

Closer to home, masked ICE agents have been conducting a reign of terror in Minnesota, killing two American citizens, yanking others from their cars, tear-gassing protesters, and even using a five-year-old boy as a lure to seize his father who is here legally. Last Friday, hundreds of businesses and tens of thousands of residents protested with a general strike. Living in fear of aggressive, masked, armed stormtroopers is not my America.

When six congresspersons, all military or intelligence veterans, released a short video reminding active military members of their duty, under the Uniform Code of Military Justice, to not obey unlawful orders, the current president called them traitors who should be hanged. Secretary of Defense Hegseth has said that Arizona Senator Mark Kelly, a retired Navy Captain and astronaut, will have his retirement rank and pay reduced. Kelly is suing, as he should because he simply spoke the truth. This is not my America.

Fearing that Republicans will lose their House majority in the coming midterm elections, the current president schemed with the Republican Texas legislature and governor to gerrymander congressional districts halfway through the ten-year census redistricting in hopes of gaining a few new House seats. Fortunately, Californians, who are heavily Democratic, voted to do the same to offset any Texas gains. Governor Gavin Newsome was not pleased to cheat like that, but said the Texas cheating could not go unanswered. Again, not my America.

All this activity from the White House distracts from Mr. Trump’s falling poll numbers, many of which are the lowest since Nixon’s. Voters dislike his policies on immigration; the economy; healthcare; the cost of living; foreign relations, including Ukraine and Isreal-Gaza; and the Epstein files.

A  court ordered the Epstein sex-trafficking files to be released in December, but only a small fraction have been. What are they hiding? The Justice Department is breaking the law, which is their job to uphold. My father’s Greatest Generation would not approve. This is not the America they fought to save for me and for you.

                 Touchdown State

On December 22, Governor Laura Kelly and Kansas City Chiefs chairman and CEO Clark Hunt announced that the Chiefs will build a new $3 billion state-of-the-art domed stadium in Wyandotte County northwest of the intersection of I-70 and I-435 West. Scheduled to open in 2031, the project will include a mixed-use entertainment district near the stadium and a new team headquarters, training facility, and mixed-use development at a site in Olathe.

Governor Kelly said that this project will be “creating thousands of jobs, bringing in tourists from around the world, attracting young people, and, most importantly, we’re continuing to make Kansas the best place in America to raise a family. [It’s] a signal to America and the world that our state’s future is very bright.” Kelly added that Kansas “is not a flyover state. It’s a touchdown state.” 

According to Mr. Hunt, “The benefit to the entire region will be monumental. A stadium of this caliber will put Kanas City in the running for Super Bowls, Final Fours, and other world-class events. A brand new training facility and headquarters will allow the Chiefs to continue to attract top talent. And the vision for a new mixed-use district will rival that of any sports-anchored development anywhere in the country.”

Bipartisan support in the Kansas Legislature was key to approval of 60 percent state funding through sales taxes and STAR bonds. There will be no new taxes and no impact on the state budget.

Coincidentally, the December 8 New Yorker included a feature article, “Only Fans: The stadium goes luxe” by John Seabrook, describing the evolution from municipal stadiums prior to the 1970s to today’s luxury buildings like SoFi (a financial services company) in greater Los Angeles. SoFi is the NFL’s largest with a capacity of 100,000. It’s privately-funded cost was at least $5 billion, and SoFi pays around $30 million a year for naming rights.

Houston’s Astrodome, the world’s only domed stadium when it opened in 1965, began the evolution of stadiums from community centers for ordinary fans to luxury experiences with cushioned seats, gourmet food, and leased private suites. Prices soared—a family of four now pays an average of about $1300 to attend an NFL game—and the Astrodome’s Skybox suites turned nosebleed seats from the cheapest to the most costly. It wasn’t long before new stadiums moved luxury suites to lower levels. 

Kansas City’s Truman Sports Complex, opened in 1972, revolutionized the stadium concept by recognizing that football and baseball field geometries are incompatible. Arrowhead seats more than 76,000, the fourth largest in the NFL, and includes a several-story “apartment” with leased suites.

The Truman Complex made Kansas City the nation’s sports-architecture talent center with several firms, including Populous, the largest stadium designer, headquartered here. Populous designed the Buffalo Bills new stadium opening this year. Gensler, the world’s largest architecture firm, recently opened a Kansas City office. 

Stadium design is challenging: the oval shape leads to odd angles and spacing for seating, so designers use computer programs to produce a range of options that can identify the most profitable seating pattern from standard to premium to suites. Seabrook wrote that in stadiums, “every inch of the space, and every sight line—not only to the field but also to the sponsor’s logos—is monetized. Stadiums may be the most rigorously monetized spaces on earth.” And economic studies consistently show that “owners, not taxpayers, derive most of the financial benefits.”

Will the new Chiefs stadium have more premium seating and amenities to cater to the wealthy, or will it buck the national trend and keep prices affordable for most fans? A director of Populous, Jonathan Mallie, says that any sports venue “should be something for everybody.” The Hunt family has a long record of being close to the community and has promised that cherished traditions like tailgating will be respected. Make it so.

                     

      Two American Revolutions

The new year brings the 250th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence and the beginning of a successful political revolt against British rule. There was also a socio-economic revolution aiming to change the status of persons, change the economy including the ownership of land, and alter the role of organized religions. This revolution was only partially successful and will be the subject of a future column.

The political revolt and the war that made it succeed is well known to those who remember their U.S. history classes. In early 1776, the Continental Congress created a Continental Army and appointed George Washington commander in chief. In March, the army drove the British out of Boston, and in June, the Congress authorized Thomas Jefferson, advised by Ben Franklin and others, to write what became the Declaration of Independence. Congress deleted Jefferson’s condemnation of slavery and made a few minor changes then adopted the Declaration on July 4. It was printed and distributed in the 13 former colonies—now states—with a copy to King George III. 

The war dragged on until 1781 with each side having victories and defeats. The British chased Washington out of New York City and New Jersey in late 1776, but on Christmas night, Washington led his forces across the Delaware River and, in a surprise attack, took Trenton, N.J., killing or capturing its entire garrison. The victory encouraged patriots to join Washington’s army. (Pictured is the river crossing as depicted in Emanuel Leutze’s 1851 oil-on-canvas painting now in New York’s Metropolitan Museum of Art. Born in Germany, Leutze grew up in the U.S. then returned to Germany. He made two huge copies of the painting—12.4 feet by 21.2 feet—to inspire liberal reformers in Germany. The first was destroyed in a Bremen museum by Allied bombing during World War II.) 

In 1777, the patriots defeated and captured an entire British army at Saratoga, New York, which encouraged France to support the U.S. cause against France’s traditional enemy. A French fleet sailed to North America, and the Spanish, Dutch, and Swedes backed the U.S. The British, having no allies, found it necessary to defend their more profitable colonies in the Caribbean, India, and the Pacific. The American Revolution became a sideshow in the first global war.

In 1781, Washington trapped a British army in Yorktown, Virginia, and a British fleet sent to rescue them was defeated by the French navy in Chesapeake Bay. General Cornwallis surrendered to Washington, and Britain turned its attention elsewhere. Two years later, the Treaty of Paris ceded to the United States the land north of Florida, south of Canada, and west to the Mississippi.

And what of Native Americans whose land it had long been? Most tribes foresaw that a newly independent nation would inevitably grow westward taking their land, so they sided with the British or tried to remain neutral. Joseph Brant, of the powerful Mohawk tribe, led 400 warriors and white Loyalists on a rampage through Pennsylvania and central New York killing settlers and burning homes and crops. Washington sent to the area an army that destroyed at least 40 evacuated Iroquois villages. White settlers promptly took the land.

After the war, Washington left public service and returned to his land at Mt. Vernon, Virginia, on the Potomac River. Not a great tactical general but a superb leader of men, Washington’s honesty, hard work, and courage made him a national hero. When the Constitution created a presidency in 1789, he was the obvious choice.

For us, an obvious choice is to watch the lively new Ken Burns, Sarah Botsein, and David Schmidt six-part PBS documentary “The American Revolution” which aired on KCPT-19 in December and will repeat on January 9, 10, and 11. PBS members can stream it on PBS Passport. It’s also available as a book. 

 

                      Teacher Wins National Award

Turner Elementary School teacher Lexcee Oddo thought December 4th would be a normal day at school. It turned out to be a day she will never forget.

That afternoon, she took her class to an assembly in the gym where more than 700 students and faculty found themselves facing a group of dignitaries including their principal, the Turner District superintendent, and Kansas Commissioner of Education Dr. Randy Watson. After a few remarks, the commissioner said everyone was about to hear a surprise announcement and introduced Jennifer Fuller, Vice-President, Milken Educator Awards, who explained that only one Kansas educator wins the award each year and that the award includes a check. She had some fun with students multiplying $25 x 10, then by 10 again, and 10 again to $25,000. That is serious money, and excited students saw Fuller open an envelope and say, “The Milken Educator Award for Kansas goes to … Lexee Oddo.” The gym erupted in applause as Ms. Oddo accepted an oversize replica check. She and a guest will go to Washington, D.C., next June where she will receive the real check during a Milken Educator Forum with all the 2025-26 state award winners and attend panels, round tables, and networking activities.

Drawn to a teaching career by her older sister who teaches in Blue Valley and by an influential sixth-grade teacher in Olathe, Oddo is a graduate of Olathe South High School with a B.S. from Kansas State and an M.S in educational administration from Emporia State. She taught second grade at Turner Elementary for six years before teaching English as a Second Language (ESL) to 150 students this year. She will be summer school principal in 2026. 

Oddo attributes her success to having high expectations for her students, to her knack for motivating them to adopt those expectations, and to creative and effective lessons. She says she knows her ESL students are succeeding when their reading confidence improves. She fortifies her classroom skills through continuing study of the science of reading and expands her broader professional growth by attending an ongoing leadership academy. 

The Milken Awards, which have been called the Nobel Prize of education, were created by Lowell Milken in 1987 to give “outstanding educators the recognition they deserve for their important work—ensuring a bright future for every student.” More than 3000 exemplary teachers, principals, and specialists have become Milken Educators, usually in early- or mid-career for what they have accomplished and for what they can contribute in the future. Honorees join the national Milken Educator Network, a valuable resource to those shaping the future of education.

A Milken Award is a surprise. There is no way to apply; candidates are identified by state departments of education using a variety of sources and are not aware they are being considered. Invited guests don’t even learn the name of the school until two days before the ceremony and are cautioned to not mention “Milken” when they arrive in order to keep the surprise alive.

Attending the Turner Elementary ceremony were a dozen past Milken Award winners including a former principal of the school when it had been Pierson Jr. High 30 years ago and a Pierson student at the time who won the award while teaching at Sumner Academy in KCK. A former Pierson science teacher became a Milken Educator while principal at Baldwin High School, making Oddo the fourth Milken Educator with ties to the same Turner school, a notable record in a state with more than 40,000 teachers and principals.

The Milken Family Foundation Educator Awards serve to inspire both current and future quality educators, and more information is online at mff.org. Their motto is, “The future belongs to the educated.” Teachers like Lexcee Oddo are building that future every day. 

         Never Forget

Hundreds of convicted criminals who attacked the U.S. Capitol and Congress on January 6, 2021, have been pardoned or their sentences commuted. These 1,300 or so rioters are now free to go where they want and do what they want. 

What the rioters wanted on January 6 was to prevent the certification of Joe Biden as president-elect even though he won election by a margin of seven million votes. They failed in that but succeeded in permanently staining the history of the United States and threatening our democracy itself. Like December 7, 1941, it was “a day that will live in infamy.” 

Told by the losing candidate that “if you don’t fight like hell, you’re not going to have a country anymore,” some of the rioters were ordinary citizens who chose to join the mob and march on the Capitol but didn’t participate in attacks on the police or other violence. Found guilty by judges or juries of trespassing or other minor crimes, they received light sentences. 

Others, however, were thugs, many with weapons and criminal records: far-right extremists and neo-Nazi white supremacists. They fought the police then broke into the building and desecrated the People’s House—our House—threatening to harm members of Congress and Vice-President Pence. These thugs were convicted of major crimes ranging from assaulting officers to conspiracy to seditious conspiracy. During the attack, 174 police officers were injured, and one killed; four other officers committed suicide in the following seven months.

The week after being freed, one of the former convicts was pulled over by an Indiana Highway Patrol officer for a traffic violation, had a gun, and was shot and killed by the officer. The same week, another was arrested on a federal gun charge related to domestic violence and resisting arrest. A third rioter is on the run from Texas police because of an arrest warrant for online solicitation of a minor. Yet another freed rioter said that he plans to buy “some m*********** guns.” Great. Just what we need.

There is a scheme afoot to rewrite our history making the attackers appear to be mostly a group of patriots taking a Capitol tour. The pardons and commutations were a first step followed last week by the firing of senior FBI and Justice Department officials involved in the investigations and prosecutions—officials who were just doing the jobs assigned to them: go after the lawbreakers we all saw on TV. Members of the Congressional January 6 Committee who investigated the attack may be the next targets. 

Congressional Republicans have already “forgotten” what the mob was up to and who put them up to it. Brendon Baliou, an experienced Justice Department lawyer who recently resigned, wrote that in 2021, GOP Representative Elise Stefanik said the rioters “should be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law.” Later, she labelled them “hostages” and has now been chosen our new ambassador to the U.N.; former GOP Senator Kelly Loeffler said, “the violence, the lawlessness and siege of the halls of Congress are abhorrent.” Soon, though, she shifted to calling the House investigation a “sham” and that any indictment “should be dismissed out of hand.” She has been nominated to head the Small Business Administration.

Mr. Baliou emphasized that the rest of us “must keep the horrors of Jan. 6 from being forgotten. Memorialize the day…. Keep it alive in your conversations. Doing so matters. For in a time when many politicians’ careers depend on forgetting, memory itself is an act of resistance.”

If we fail to remember, we won’t have President Lincoln’s government “of the People, by the People, and for the People” anymore. Never forget.

Capitalism for All

Imagine you have a pile of money, and you’d like to have a bigger pile. You learn that the Widget Company has invented a better widget, so you buy shares of Widget stock. The company uses the capital you’ve invested to produce the new widgets. They sell like hot cakes, so more workers are hired, profits roll in, and the value of the stock you own rises. You and the company are richer, more people have jobs, and consumers have better widgets. This is capitalism in action, and so far, so good.

Now imagine that because you’re a big investor who knows how to make a buck, you’re elected to the Widget Company board. You now have a voice in decisions including what to do with the company’s growing profits. Raise your workers’ pay? Upgrade your factory with better machinery? Buy out a competitor so your company will have more of the market? Give larger dividends to investors, including yourself? These are tough decisions, but that’s why you and the company executives make the big bucks.

What to do? You’re a capitalist, after all, so you naturally believe that investors who’ve risked their capital on the company are entitled to first dibs on the profits. They, and you, are in it for the money, so stock dividends and high share prices are top priorities. 

To keep investors happy, you think about how to increase company profits by reducing costs and/or increasing productivity. How about automation? Robots are expensive, but they’ll never want raises, never organize a union to get them (except in science fiction when robots finally become smart enough), and can work 24/7 without tiring. Automation is often a no-brainer.

Other ways to reduce costs include avoiding those tiresome government regulations that require your factory to not foul the air and water and to be a safe workplace for employees, and to avoid taxes in every legal way possible. To dodge these obligations, the company pays lobbyists and contributes to politicians who favor deregulation, restrictions on unions, and lower corporate taxes (and, not coincidentally, lower taxes on wealthy people like yourself). 

Now, forget your imaginary pile of money and consider where capitalism has taken us in this tale. It’s no longer “so far, so good.” It’s too far and too bad for workers who get last dibs on company profits and for all taxpayers who have to make up for what corporations and the rich don’t pay (and some pay no income taxes at all).

Perhaps worse in the long run, the conservative Supreme Court ruled, in 2010, that, as Mitt Romney put it, “corporations are people” entitled to make unlimited political contributions. This gives the small corporate class enormous political clout. It’s extreme capitalism—a beautiful system if you’re one of those few but a deck stacked against you if you aren’t. 

Capitalism is a great engine of prosperity, but without strict regulation and a progressive tax structure, it’s an engine with no train. People who help make the everyday economy work—nurses, truckers, teachers, builders—are left at the station. A healthy economy is a balancing act between private profits and the public good. Today, our economy is unbalanced and unhealthy.

Here’s the cure: We want wealth to flow to the many, not just to the few, so channel excessive wealth to essential public services like education, healthcare, and infrastructure. That’s how we created Social Security, public schools, Medicare, and the original G.I. Bill. It’s how we can provide affordable college/tech schools and universal healthcare. Also, ensure workers have a level playing field by protecting their right to organize and to have significant representation on corporate boards as many other rich capitalist countries do. 

The greedy will no doubt call this cure—or any cure—“socialism.” I call it having a social conscience. It’s capitalism that works for We the People.

When Schools Went Wrong

Sherlock Holmes called public schools “Lighthouses, my boy! Beacons of the future! Capsules, with hundreds of bright little seeds in each, out of which will spring the wiser, better England of the future.” Americans have cherished similar hopes but have too often been disappointed, leading over the past century to a series of school reforms that shaped today’s schools—for better and for worse.

Historians trace much of the “worse” to a small red pamphlet published in 1918, Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education, that called for replacing, for most students, the traditional European liberal arts and sciences curriculum with seven student goals: health, command of fundamental processes, worthy home membership, vocation, citizenship, worthy use of leisure, and ethical character.

The reform’s purpose was to keep more youngsters in school by making it easier and more immediately practical. Academic subjects like history, biology, and algebra would remain as a parallel track for the fewer than one in ten who were college-bound. For the majority, social studies replaced history, geography, economics, and government; general science replaced biology, chemistry, and physics; and practical math and language arts covered “fundamental processes.”

The Cardinal Principles was composed by a committee of the National Education Association chaired by a manual training teacher and including administrators and a professor of education. The authors were driven by the need to assimilate millions of immigrant children, many knowing no English and with little experience of democracy, by the demand for industrial workers, by severe health and social problems including the deadliest influenza epidemic of modern times, and by fear of political unrest in the wake of the Great War. The business community applauded the emphasis on vocational training and lobbied states to adopt the new goals. Over the next decade, they became the norm in much of the country.

The shift from mastery of academic subjects to what reformers saw as meeting children’s “needs” was politically popular. Teaching kids hygiene, marketable skills, and citizenship was hard to criticize, especially when it made success in school easier. Parents liked their children succeeding, and politicians and business leaders liked that such studies made it easier—and cheaper—to train and hire teachers.

The academic community opposed the Cardinal Principles, so much so that schools of education became intellectually divorced from the universities of which they were a part. Teachers became increasingly isolated from scholarship in arts and sciences disciplines. Thousands of experienced teachers resisted the reform, and many were fired.

Making matters worse, the trauma of the Great War led America to adopt an isolationist attitude through the 1920s and 30s. Why bother with the rest of the world and its troubles when the U.S. could withdraw behind its moat of oceans and rely on its own plentiful resources? This further distanced schools from fertile centers of serious thought in Europe and elsewhere. One result that troubles us still was that many fewer students learned foreign languages.

While other countries were improving schools with added rigor and sharper focus on academic disciplines, America chose to ask less of its students and teachers. This continued through the 1950s when complaints about semi-literate graduates and the shock of Sputnik prompted a new round of reforms with increased academic content.

Cardinal Principles had some positive results, recognizing the importance of motivation and of children’s developmental stages among them. But its low expectations and short-term goals in place of deep knowledge and disciplined thinking poisoned American schools for decades. To some degree, it still does. The Sputnik reforms of the 1960s, the Nation at Risk reforms of the 80s and 90s, No Child Left Behind, and now the Common Core have all been attempts to right the wrong course our schools took after 1918. History matters.

Schools Travel a Bumpy Road

As described in the previous column, American schools were harmed for decades by low student expectations and shallow curriculum prompted by the 1918 booklet Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education. Recovery began in the 1950s, thanks partly to World War II veterans who had noticed a higher level of education common in Europe and whose own expectations had been raised by G.I. Bill college study. Too, a best-selling book, Why Johnny Can’t Read, helped focus the nation’s attention on the troubled schools.

But just when a drive to enhance academic offerings was gathering steam, schools were overwhelmed by the postwar baby boom. Thousands of new schools were hurriedly built and new teachers hurriedly trained. States and school districts had all they could handle coping with expansion; academic quality took a back seat and fewer than two-thirds of students finished high school.

The 1957 launch of the Soviet Sputnik I satellite shocked America. The Eisenhower administration and Congress pumped millions into upgrading curricula, classroom equipment, and teacher training, especially in math and the sciences. New textbooks were written, including a biology text so good that updated versions are still used today. History and other subjects were emphasized as part of what came to be called “Sputnik reforms.”

With The Sixties came two of the schools’ greatest successes: supporting national efforts to ensure minority rights and women’s rights. Schools came to be judged by their “holding power” and graduation rates improved significantly. As desirable careers beyond teaching, nursing, and secretarial work opened to educated women, schools did their part. When I graduated in 1961, able girls interested in healthcare were counseled into nursing; when I returned as a teacher eight years later, many were aiming to become physicians.

Ironically, these successes hurt schools. A well-intentioned desire to keep kids in school led to fragmented curriculum in the name of “relevance” and to “social promotion” regardless of learning, both of which discredited schools in the eyes of the public and especially of employers. Financially attractive career opportunities meant the loss to teaching of many of America’s brightest women who had long formed the backbone of school faculties.

Soon, falling test scores (partly due to students from deeper in the talent pool taking ACT and SAT tests) and the post-Watergate suspicion of all things government led to another wave of school criticism. A 1983 blue-ribbon commission report, A Nation at Risk, asserted "If an unfriendly foreign power had attempted to impose on America the mediocre educational performance that exists today, we might well have viewed it as an act of war."

The authors called for a longer school year on a par with other developed nations, more academic course requirements, higher student expectations, making teaching a more attractive career, and much else. A Nation at Risk became the most influential call for reform since 1918 and led to needed improvements, though mostly the least expensive.

The No Child Left Behind law of 2001 wasn’t a “reform” as much as an effort to make schools accountable by publicizing test scores in basic skills. Funding was inadequate and one lasting effect was to focus attention on math and language skills at the expense of other learning. Relentless testing soon made it unpopular.

Now comes Common Core, a promising effort begun by nearly all state governors to raise achievement nationwide to global standards. It’s a complex project criticized by many educators for having too much input from for-profit corporations, but promising nonetheless.

Sadly, the Kansas Senate recently voted to not fund Common Core implementation. Any hint of nationwide standards offends conservative ideology, for many senators a higher priority than student learning. I suspect that if Eisenhower’s Interstates were proposed today, Kansas conservatives would object: roads, like schools, convey outside ideas and tie the state to the larger world. Risky business, no? No.

Spying on Schools

Searching for the secrets of high-achieving schools, and aware that inside information is hard to come by, journalist Amanda Ripley (Time, The Atlantic) recruited spies—American exchange students from schools in Oklahoma, Minnesota, and Pennsylvania—who attended ordinary high schools in Finland, South Korea, and Poland, countries where students do exceptionally well on international measures of learning. The result is Ripley’s recent book The Smartest Kids in the World and How They Got That Way (Simon and Schuster, 2013).

Much writing about schooling has adult political agendas that detract from achievement issues. Ripley’s book is an exception: a secret agent story where the spies—Kim, Eric, and Tom—are normal teenagers alert to the attitudes and behaviors of their overseas classmates and refreshingly open to comparing their exchange experiences with those of their hometown schools.

Kim’s story is especially compelling. A bright girl from Oklahoma, she yearned for a bigger, more promising world. Her local school had limited curricula, low expectations, a vague focus on academics, and little encouragement from the state legislature. Three times, legislators mandated student achievement standards and tests—routine in high-achieving countries—and three times, legislators backed off at the last minute fearing criticism of poor test scores.

Kim’s school district was one of 530 in Oklahoma and, with only four schools, had ten district administrators and directors as well as principals. Ripley calls this “hyperlocal control, hardwired for inefficiency.” Costly, too.

Kim’s modern high school was not hardwired for scholarship. Its “jewel” was the basketball court, not the library or science labs. Parents were involved in booster clubs and the PTA, but in little related to academic achievement. The principal told Ripley his biggest problem was “expectations.” He said they were “too high.” Really? Half the graduates went on to Oklahoma’s public colleges, but more than half of those were placed in remedial classes.

Kim, Eric, and Tom studied overseas in 2011-2012. Through thousands of emails and phone calls as well as on-site visits, Ripley picked the brains of her spies and their friends and met with school officials and testing experts here and abroad. She found some things much the same here and there, including electronic youth culture. Schools, though, were dramatically different.

The most obvious difference, in every country, was a total focus on academic learning. Schools had no other purpose. Sports and other activities were mostly outside school, sponsored by community organizations.

The spies found less testing overseas, particularly in Finland, but the major nationwide tests were serious business. Students studied for months, and scores could determine their future learning and career opportunities. In South Korea, airports rescheduled flights to avoid jet noise near schools on test days.

Teachers in host countries were drawn from the top of the talent pool, rigorously trained (often at public expense) and influential. Teaching was a prestigious profession.

In no subject were differences as clear as in math. Math is critical as a system of logic that trains young minds to think straight, not to mention as the key to the sciences and to desirable careers. As early as third grade, American kids have easier math assignments then lose time every fall reviewing what they’ve lost over their long summer breaks. More than other subjects, math builds on what is learned before, so early weakness compounds with time.

The overseas students overwhelmingly attributed success to hard work, not to inbred talent as  Americans tend to believe.

Host schools used little technology compared to schools here. No interactive white boards, no “clickers,” often no calculators.  

The New York Times calls Ripley’s a “masterly book,” but wonders if it “can also generate the will to make changes.” It can only if concerned citizens read it and act on it.

Teachers: Glamour Everlasting

Describing Our Miss Brooks, the popular 1950s TV program starring Eve Arden as a witty, sarcastic English teacher beloved by her students, The Kansas City Star recently noted that Arden portrayed “an intelligent woman in an unglamorous profession.” I suppose glamour, like beauty, is in the eye of the beholder. What could be more glamorous than passing on the wonders of nature and civilization to the next generation while helping them learn to think rigorously and live well, thereby strengthening our country and helping ensure a better future?

I mention this because of the importance of improving our schools. Recent studies of successful school systems around the world confirm what we’ve known all along but haven’t acted on: that teaching in those places is viewed as a glamorous profession or, if not glamorous, certainly prestigious. In the high-achieving countries of East Asia and Europe, teachers enjoy a status similar to that of physicians and judges here. The contrast with the American tradition is sharp, and the negative impact on our children clear.

In How the World’s Best-Performing School Systems Come Out on Top, a two-year study of twenty-five systems including ten of the best, McKinsey & Company, the gold standard of global management consultants, concluded that most attempts to improve low-performing systems—restructuring, reducing class sizes, charter schools, and the like—make little or no difference. What makes a difference is teachers: “The quality of an education system cannot exceed the quality of its teachers.”

All the best-performing systems select teachers from the top third or higher of college students: the top 5 percent in South Korea, 10 percent in Finland, 30 percent in Singapore and others. Most do this by limiting the number of teacher-training slots and admitting only those who score well on tests of literacy, numeracy, and problem solving, and who demonstrate outstanding communications and interpersonal skills. (In Finland, only one in ten applicants is admitted.) Once selected, students receive intensive training under master teachers, often at public expense including paid internships.

Such careful selection and early rewards elevates respect for teaching and helps attract the best applicants. Top countries also sweeten the pot by paying beginning teachers roughly equal to the average of other demanding fields. In addition, top-performing systems typically have strong teacher unions with a major voice in school standards and operations.

In America, prospective teachers tend to come from the lowest third of college students. Admission standards to teacher-training programs are generally low, tuition is high, internships are short and unpaid, and beginning salaries below average. The inevitable result is the Star’s “unglamorous profession” where thousands who train to teach never do and nearly half of those who do teach leave within five years. Aside from the waste of public resources and of these graduates’ investments, the public perception—and children’s perception—is that teaching—and, therefore, learning—isn’t important; it’s seen as a job for those with few other options.

Compounding the error, politicians in some states have been cutting school resources, attacking teacher unions, and insisting that teachers be accountable for better results while paying no attention to the compelling evidence for how to get those results. We need good teachers, and we need good politicians to create a system to attract more of them.

February 3, 2012